![]() When Kyiv gained its independence from Moscow in 1991, it briefly became the third largest nuclear power in the world. In addition, the participating states agree to "refrain from any intervention, direct or indirect, in the internal or external affairs" of another participating state.Īs a constituent part of the Soviet Union, Ukraine hosted large stockpiles of nuclear weapons during the Cold War. According to the act, participating states "regard as inviolable one another's frontiers" and "will refrain now and in the future from assaulting those frontiers." They "will respect the territorial integrity of each of the participating states" and "will likewise refrain from making each other's territory the object of military occupation." ![]() The Final Act obligates its signatories to "refrain…from the threat or use of force" against each other. The OSCE has 57 member states, including Russia and Ukraine. With the end of the East-West confrontation, the CSCE evolved into the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the world's largest security forum. Adopted in Helsinki in 1975, the document sought to promote détente during an era of Cold War geopolitical tensions in Europe. As successor states to the Soviet Union, both Ukraine and Russia are signatories to the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). ![]()
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